The History of Intelligence Failures and Defections Within the CIA, NSA, and US Military

The bulk of America’s armed forces, officer corps, and intelligence agencies are comprised of well-meaning, staunchly patriotic men and women. Despite their loyalty to the country, the American intelligence and military leadership are the targets of a sustained communist disinformation campaign carried out by our enemies. Strategic disinformation is employed through the utilization of false defectors dispatched purposely to provide a misleading picture of the policies of the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation. In turn, American policy and conventional wisdom would then be predicated on false information. Hence, the enemies of the United States would effectively control and guide the foreign policy of our government. Defectors and traitors within the military and the intelligence apparatus were exploited by the enemies of the United States for both propaganda and espionage. Such traitors were motivated by idealism, money, and ideology. Captured POWs were also harnessed for the purpose of subverting the United States, especially in time of open warfare.

            It should be pointed out for the sake of fairness and accuracy that the CIA and our other intelligence services carried out many successful operations. Our successes seemed to be concentrated on covert actions. They included:

1)    Covert assistance provided to conservative and social democratic parties in Western Europe in the late 1940s.

2)    Overthrowing the communist dictatorship of Colonel Jacobo Arbenz and its replacement with a rightwing regime.

3)    Wiping out the VC apparatus as a result of Operation Phoenix (Chien dich Phung Hoang) in Vietnam.

4)    Overthrowing the left authoritarian regime of Mohammed Mossadegh and his replacement by the Shah in Iran.

5)    Halting some technology transfers to the Soviet Union and its allies worldwide. For example, North Korea attempted in March 1988 to import hundreds of Japanese-made computers from an Osaka-based company via Singapore. CIA agents intercepted these computers in Singapore.[1]

6)    Assisting Tibetan separatists fighting against the Chinese during the 1950s and 1960s.

7)    Funneling funds and weapons to the various Islamist groups in Afghanistan fighting the Soviets.

8)    Smashing attempts by two Cuban DGI terrorist rings to bomb various factories, arterials, and landmarks in New York City and New Jersey.

Our intelligence community had more difficulty in the area of counterintelligence and neutralizing strategic disinformation. The Soviets and their allies played on the Western (including the American) predisposition to believe that capitalism and democracy would conquer the minds in the East. Moscow also exploited the naïve Western belief that communism would fall in the USSR. Lenin, when advising Felix Dzerzhinskiy on how to best deceive the West, stated “Tell them what they want to hear!”[2]

            On the other hand, our intelligence community (with the exception of the circles around former Counterintelligence Chief James Angleton) clung to short-sighted notions.

When Angleton was being pushed out of the CIA Counterintelligence Department, Raymond Rocca, the Head of Research of CIA Counterintelligence briefed the incoming CI Chief, George Kalaris on Soviet intelligence practices and strategies. Rocca offered to brief Kalaris on the deception operations of the Lenin era. Kalaris ignorantly responded, “But that all happened a half century ago. I want to know what’s happening now!”[3] Kalaris could not comprehend that our adversaries would reuse old strategies to deceive and ultimately defeat the West through disinformation. If an intelligence strategy was successful, why wouldn’t Moscow try to use them again? By the 1970s our intelligence services downplayed HUMINT and emphasized the use of high tech means to gather information. While accepting the use of technology, our adversaries continued to use disinformation, HUMINT, and psychological warfare in their intelligence war against the CIA. While advising American antiwar activists visiting North Vietnam, Prime Minister Pham Van Dong stated “You have to fight this war with intelligence, not with computers. The computers merely multiply man’s stupidities thousands of times.”[4]  Lastly, during the height of the Left’s crusade against the intelligence community in the 1970s, some officials seemed to have validated the misinformation spread by the communists and other adversaries. For example, the CIA under Director William Colby concluded that there was “no substantial foreign manipulation of or assistance to the anti-war movement.”[5] Colby’s assertion proved to be patently dishonest, since there was available evidence which pointed to the assistance and manipulation of the so-called antiwar movement by the communist bloc countries. Let’s examine the evidence. Firstly, there was plenty of evidence which proved that the so-called antiwar/peace movements aided the Vietcong (VC), Pathet Lao, Khmer Rouge, and the North Vietnamese efforts to conquer Indochina. Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) leader Tom Hayden admitted that the antiwar left “gave encouragement to the Vietnamese revolutionaries while demoralizing the American military and the puppets they supported.”[6] According to the Assistant Manager of the New Left newspaper Ramparts Sol Stern, a seminar was held between the Vietcong and SDS, where they discussed “how to conduct their psychological warfare campaign against the United States.” Stern recalled that Tom Hayden suggested methods to “sabotage the American war effort.”[7] The Viet Cong document titled Circular on Antiwar Movements in the US noted that “The spontaneous antiwar movements in the US have received assistance and guidance from the friendly (VC/NVN) delegations at the Paris Peace Talks.”^[8]  Defecting Vietnamese Army Colonel Bui Tin reported that American antiwar leftists were “essential to our strategy. Support for the war from our rear was completely secure while the American rear was vulnerable…The conscience of America was part of its war-making capability, and we were turning that power in our favor. America lost because of its democracy; through dissent and protest, it lost the ability to mobilize a will to win.”^[9] At a massive military parade commemorating the ten year anniversary of the conquest of South Vietnam (April 1985), Mai Chi Tho, Chairman of the Peoples Committee of Ho Chi Minh City, noted “…When we fought the Americans, we received assistance from the American people.”^[10] When the Cambodian (Khmer Rouge) Foreign Minister Ieng Sary visited New York in September 1975, he met with American leftists and antiwar activists. Sary commented that the Khmer Rouge “always remembered that the American people were supporting us.”[11] When communist officials in Indochina and other regions referred to the “American people” this was their code language for leftists within the US, not a reflection of an entire population’s political positions. Contrary to Colby’s assertions, SDS was a penetrated group. Communist Party USA (CPUSA) leaders told members in secret Party meetings that they “could work through SDS and achieve the Party’s aims.”^[12] Cuban intelligence radicalized SDS cadres whenever they visited Cuba.[13] The KGB also directly manipulated SDS either through its own agents or alleged “ex”-CPUSA members.[14] Leaders of SDS coordinated propaganda strategies with the North Vietnamese and Vietcong in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Bulgaria.[15] According to former undercover police officer David Gumaer, the New Left received “American money” in “cigar boxes” from the Cuban UN Mission in New York City.[16] In 1966, the Vietcong trained various American New Left radicals on how to conduct anti-war demonstrations in the US.^[17] Chinese agents reportedly stirred up antiwar demonstrations on American college campuses to protest our involvement in the Vietnam War. The Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party ordered Chinese intelligence to recruit New Left academics and students in order to pressure our government to withdraw troops from Southeast Asia.^[18] The KGB-directed Vietnamese Intelligence Service (known as the General Department of Military Intelligence) even used the services of antiwar activists like David Truong to steal secrets from the American government.[19] Lastly, the USSR and its allies passed money to the global peace movement during the Vietnam War. According to defecting Russian GRU Colonel Stanislav Lunev, the KGB and GRU provided over $1 billion in financial aid to the American antiwar movement via undercover operatives and front organizations. [20] According to Lunev, the Soviets believed that the “antiwar sentiment created an incredible momentum that greatly weakened the US military.”^[21] According to French intelligence, funds to the American antiwar movement were channeled from the Soviet Union, China, Cuba, Allende’s Chile, and Czechoslovakia to North Vietnam along with Swiss and Swedish banks. These funds were then remitted to antiwar groups in the West and the US.^[22] Moscow and its allies also sought to use the divisions within the American political establishment to gain inroads in our political elites. A retired Vietnamese Public Security intelligence officer named Ho Nam (real name Hoang Gia Huy) recalled in an interview published in a Communist Party newspaper that he was tasked to recruit well placed Americans who opposed the Vietnam War while he was posted to the North Vietnamese diplomatic mission in Paris (France). As an officer for Department A13 (Foreign Intelligence Directorate), Ho Nam was instructed by North Vietnamese command in 1968: “You must understand very clearly…that the American imperialist aggressors are our primary target. Only an American could have extensive knowledge of specific American government policies and plans for the war in Vietnam. You must do everything you can to recruit people from among the ranks of Americans whose revolutionary consciousness has been awakened, from among those Americans who oppose the American war, because those are people who have a conscience and who want to help Vietnam in order to make up for the crimes that US troops are committing. I call this the work of developing friendly relations, and that is the work that I am entrusting to you. Our other people working there have other tasks to perform. You need to know and understand the targets you intend to recruit as agents; you need to know how to select them and to direct them to the right places in order to obtain the greatest possible amount of information, information that will help us and that will help our people back at home to defeat the enemy and that will support the negotiations being conducted by our delegations, etc.”^[23] There was some evidence that such infiltration proved successful. One North Vietnamese official reported in late 1970 that the North Vietnamese established and maintained contacts with sections of the American elite who kept them informed about politics, public opinion, and other more “sensitive” matters. These individuals were not, according to the North Vietnamese official, of the violent “Weatherman” variety, but were solid citizens of high caliber who, in some cases, would not even be considered leftists. North Vietnam regarded these individuals as crucial assets in understanding the political and social climate within the United States.^[24] All of the evidence in its entirety proved Colby to be recklessly wrong. What did Colby know? The Agency certainly had secret sources of information. Collaboration between the communist bloc and the peace/antiwar movement were known to the informed public back in the 1960s and 1970s. And if Colby was privy to at least some of this information (while employed with the CIA), why did he cover it up by claiming that there was no foreign assistance or manipulation of the antiwar movement in the US? It’s all very strange and disconcerting.

There were also cases where the CIA occasionally aided the communist cause. For example, the CIA aided the 26^th of July rebel movement in Cuba, despite the fact that it was heavily penetrated by communist interests. According to Robert Reynolds, the CIA Caribbean Desk’s specialist on the Cuban Revolution, “Me and my staff were all Fidelistas.”[25] Under Director Admiral Stansfield Turner, the CIA transmitted messages which ordered their field agents in Central America to cease logging arms shipments from Panama to the Sandinistas.[26] According to former CIA official Tom Braden, the Agency provided millions of dollars in funds to the CPUSA newspaper, The Daily Worker.[27] While these were isolated instances of outright CIA support for communist causes, one should pose the question: Why did this occur? The reasons could be narrowed down to disinformation and Soviet penetration of the CIA in an effort to paralyze the Agency. The roots of Soviet penetration of the CIA started during the days of the World War II era Office of Strategic Services (OSS). During World War II, its head, General William Donovan recruited American Communists to the OSS. When the FBI discovered this, Donovan stated: “I know they’re Communists. That’s why I hired them.”[28] Nathaniel Weyl, who broke with the CPUSA, wrote that “In the Office of Strategic Services… employment of pro-Communists was approved at very high levels provided that they were suited for specific jobs.”[29] With the transformation of the OSS into the CIA by 1947, about a dozen Communists and Soviet sympathizers were subsequently identified as Soviet agents. A leading Chekist claimed in his memoirs after the Cold War, “Yes, we had agents in (the OSS). Moreover, when CIA was created in 1947, some transferred there.” [30]

During the early years of the Cold War, there were complaints about the penetration of the CIA by communists, if not outright Soviet agents. In 1952, CIA Director Walter Bedell Smith publicly confirmed that hidden Communist agents were present within his agency.[31] Senator Joseph McCarthy (R-WI) and his staff uncovered evidence that the CIA unwittingly hired a large number of double agents who planted false information about the communist bloc. In fact, the CIA’s information was so poor that they were only able to get a somewhat accurate picture of the world from reading newspapers. Tragically, President Eisenhower quashed Senator McCarthy’s inquiry into the communist penetration of the CIA.[32]

In response to the revelations and tips by KGB defector Major Anatoly Golitsyn, James Angleton and the Counterintelligence Staff at the CIA were concerned about the presence of KGB moles within the CIA. Golitsyn helped unmask moles within the French intelligence service (SDECE) who turned over information to the KGB. Golitsyn also revealed that the Soviets reorganized the KGB in an effort to launch strategic deception operations designed to obfuscate the real intentions of the global communist movement. Fake splits were created in order to convey the image of a weaker communist bloc. This would create pressure for NATO governments to downsize their military forces. Supposedly “independent” communist countries would then become recipients of aid and technology from the United States. This technology was then transferred to Moscow. Tragically, under a Republican President (Nixon), the influence of Angleton and his colleagues waned within the intelligence community. Détente, the growing anti-anti-communism within liberal political circles, and the rising power of multinational corporations put a dent in the effort to neutralize the power of the Soviet Union and China. In 1969, Golitsyn’s advisory relationship with the CIA was phased out.[33] When William Colby became CIA Director, Angleton’s fate was sealed. Colby enacted decisions which seemed to impair the fight against communist subversion. When Colby was stationed in Vietnam, he reportedly met with a Frenchman who was suspected of being a Soviet GRU agent. He shut down a program which investigated communists in the American labor unions. Colby also vetoed Angleton’s plan to weed out communist spies in the South Vietnamese government.[34] (Although to his credit, Colby did lead the highly successful Operation Phoenix program against the VC network.) In January 1973, Colby issued a new directive to all CIA stations which denied the notion that the KGB dispatched false defectors to deceive the US. He terminated Angleton’s mole hunts and by 1975, the famed Counterintelligence Chief was fired. [35] When Admiral Stansfield Turner became CIA Director in 1977, there was another round of purges. Turner destroyed the CIA’s human intelligence operations (dubbed the Halloween Massacre where 800 operatives were fired) and increasingly relied upon high technology intelligence collection (such as satellites).[36] It was during Turner’s tenure that John Brennan was hired by the CIA. During his job interview with the CIA in 1980, Brennan admitted that he voted for the CPUSA presidential candidate, Gus Hall, in the 1976 election. This did not stop him from being hired and eventually becoming Obama’s CIA Director.[37]

The Soviets first inaugurated the program of dispatching false defectors during the 1920s. It was known as Operation Trust. The Trust (Monarchist Union of Central Russia) was a secret, ostensibly anti-communist organization which operated in the Soviet Union from 1921 to 1928. Soviet agents running the Trust conveyed disinformation which alleged that communism was in a state of collapse in Russia. They claimed that many Soviet officials (even within the Cheka) were disillusioned with communism. The Soviet-controlled Trust convinced bona fide anticommunists and the West that its members and sympathizers infiltrated Lenin’s regime. Trust agents then passed false Soviet documents to Russian exiles in Europe who in turn sold them to eleven Western intelligence services. To add insult to injury, the Cheka earned enough Western money from the sale of Soviet “secrets” to finance all of its espionage activities for ten years. Once the Trust operation outlived its usefulness, Soviet intelligence ordered the Trust head Edward Opperput to “defect” to Finland in 1929 to spill the beans. His revelations demoralized the Western intelligence services and the Russian exile community. Opperput returned to the Soviet Union and resumed his duties in the intelligence services.[38] Hence, the Trust operation ended on a successful note.

In post-World War II Poland, the Soviets set up a False Flag operation known as the “Freedom and Independence Army,” or WIN. Dispatched defectors sent to the West in 1947 claimed that WIN was the successor to the anti-communist, anti-Nazi Polish Home Army. Both MI6 and the CIA bought the story and provided arms, medical supplies and gold coins to WIN units in Poland. In return, WIN sent intelligence (or in reality disinformation) to the CIA and MI6. WIN also reported that its forces attacked Soviet and Polish troops and installations, even seizing entire regions. Bona fide resisters were referred by the CIA and MI6 to WIN. In reality, the Soviets and Poles ran WIN and mopped up all the legitimate anti-communists. The Soviets then bragged about their victory over their broadcasting networks in Europe.[39]

During the post-Stalinist period, the USSR continued to dispatch false defectors to provide the US with disinformation on issues related to:

1)    The capabilities and strategies of the KGB.

2)    The capabilities of the Soviet nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons programs.

3)    Any Soviet or Cuban role in the Kennedy assassination.

4)    Relations within the Soviet bloc nations.

No defector divided the CIA more than Yuri Nosenko of the KGB, who defected in 1964. KGB defectors Peter Deriabin, Yuri Rastvorov, Joe Westin of the CIA’s Soviet Bloc Division, Pete Bagley of the CIA, James Angleton, Newton Miler, and Raymond Rocca of the CIA Counterintelligence all doubted KGB defector Yuri Nosenko’s bona fides, claiming that he was a double agent. Nosenko’s information was believed to be inconsistent or erroneous. His detractors were also concerned about Nosenko’s lack of knowledge about KGB operations that he should have known about. In the 1980s, Deriabin stated “Nosenko was a KGB plant and whatever your ‘official opinion’ may be, he is certainly a KGB plant today.” Other KGB defectors were proven to be dispatched by the Soviets. KGB plant Yuri Loginov returned to the USSR where he was not punished. The journalist defector Oleg Bitov returned to Moscow in 1984 after contacting British and American intelligence and publicly denouncing the Soviet system for a year. Bitov claimed that he was drugged and kidnapped by the CIA. He was promoted on the staff of a Soviet newspaper. Oleg Tumanov, after twenty years of service as an anti-Soviet broadcast editor of Radio Liberty in Munich, returned to Russia in 1986, only to be forgiven on the account of his repentance.[40] A Soviet intelligence officer who defected in 1978 from Moscow’s UN Mission in New York revealed that the CIA/KGB double agent FEDORA served the USSR, not Langley. FEDORA returned to the USSR. Subsequently, the FBI and CIA kept this fiasco a secret until it was revealed by a journalist in 1981.[41]

Once Angleton and his colleagues were fired from the CIA, the Agency redefined the meaning of disinformation and denied that the Soviets dispatched false defectors to deceive the US. Leonard McCoy, deputy head of CIA’s Counterintelligence Staff, claimed that the Soviets ceased Trust-like deception operations by the time of Nosenko’s defection in 1964. Trust, claimed McCoy, existed “in a ‘totally different KGB and a totally different world.’”[42]

            However, Moscow continued to dispatch false defectors. One example was Vitaliy Yurchenko, who was the chief of the KGB’s counterintelligence department. He defected to the United States in July 1985 and claimed that the KGB did not plant any moles in the CIA. Yurchenko alleged that defectors like Nosenko were all bona fide. However, Yurchenko shocked the CIA by redefecting to the Soviet Union, where he was treated like a hero, promoted[43], and awarded the Order of the Red Star.[44] At a press conference for American reporters in Moscow, Yurchenko added insult to injury and charged that the CIA kidnapped and drugged him. The CIA, refusing to believe that the KGB dispatched false defectors, planted a story in the American news media, claiming that Yurchenko was shot.[45]

The post-Angleton CIA turned away many Soviet defectors including Vassili Mitrokhin on the grounds that the Agency had all it needed or could handle. William Colby hurled jabs at Angleton’s theories and methodology, claiming, “I spent several long sessions doing my best to follow (Counterintelligence Staff chief Angleton’s) tortuous theories about the long arm of a powerful and wily KGB at work, over decades, placing its agents in the heart of allied and neutral nations and sending its false defectors to influence and undermine American policy. I confess that I couldn’t absorb it, possibly because I did not have the requisite grasp of this labyrinthine subject, possibly because Angleton’s explanations were impossible to follow, or possibly because the evidence just didn’t add up to his conclusions…I did not suspect Angleton and his staff of engaging in improper activities. I just could not figure out what they were doing at all.” Defectors like Golitsyn and Major General Jan Sejna were “thrown under the bus” by the CIA. Since the 1970s, their advice and insights was ignored and generally considered unwelcome. Immediately after President Nixon was inaugurated, Angleton was ordered to terminate Sejna’s debriefings and deny him a job in the Federal government. Sejna received a meager stipend and was relocated by the CIA to a home directly adjacent to the residence of a Bulgarian diplomat. An envelope containing his lease agreement was addressed: “General Sejna,”[46] thus making him a potential target for assassination.

During the Vietnam War, the North Vietnamese penetrated CIA operations in their country and used those agents against the United States. The Vietnamese communist publication An Ninh The Gioi (World Security) recalled,  “(From 1961 to 1970), our security forces used the spies that the CIA sent into North Vietnam to lure the CIA into sending equipment and many more commando teams into North Vietnam…We killed or captured all of these spies and commandos.” One North Vietnamese double agent, Pham Chuyen, admitted that the CIA “in South Vietnam were defeated by North Vietnamese Public Security and that the United States was defeated by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.”[47] According to former CIA chief historian Benjamin B. Fischer, East Germany, Cuba, and the Soviet Union compromised CIA agents and turned them against the US. Fischer noted that “During the Cold War, the Central Intelligence Agency bucked the law of averages by recruiting double agents on an industrial scale; it was hoodwinked not a few but many times…The result was a massive but largely ignored intelligence failure.” Former Cuban DGI officer Florentino Aspillaga revealed that four dozen CIA recruits in Cuba were compromised by the DGI. In 1987, Cuban state television confirmed this penetration in a documentary which revealed the existence of 27 phony CIA agents, along with their secret CIA communications and photographic gear. This intelligence failure was covered up by the congressional intelligence oversight committees. In East Germany, all recruited CIA personnel were Stasi double agents. According to two East German Stasi officers, Klaus Eichner and Andreas Dobbert, “there was not a single CIA operation on (East German) territory that we were not able to detect using (double agents) and counterespionage operations.” East German foreign intelligence head General Markus Wolf wrote “we were in the enviable position of knowing that not a single CIA agent had worked in East Germany without having been turned into a double agent or working for us from the start…On our orders they were all delivering carefully selected information and disinformation to the Americans.”[48] In 1959, an East German defector claimed that the Foreign Intelligence (HVA) was on its way to becoming the best espionage service in the Eastern bloc with 2,000–3,000 agents in West Germany alone. He was ignored. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) wrote off East Germany as a “backwater” of little or no intelligence interest.[49] According to former KGB general Oleg Kalugin, the East German Stasi “had so deeply penetrated the West German government, military, and secret services that about all we had to do was lie back and stay out of Wolf’s way.” [50] According to Arnaud de Borchgrave, even the Cuban DGI believed that “internal security in the US as a joke…Their agents roam around the country freely and organize revolutionary cells and campaigns against US domestic and foreign policies with total impunity.” He also noted that DGI agents conduct “an intensive active measures campaign” aimed mostly at “Western liberals and the American media.”^[51] Orlando Jose Tardencillas was a Sandinista Nicaraguan soldier captured in action in El Salvador. He ostensibly deserted to the Salvadoran government side and spoke of the Soviet-Cuban threat to Central America. Tardencillas then later recanted his story, thereby embarrassing his American and Salvadoran hosts. According to former Sandinista State Security officer Miguel Bolanos, the Sandinistas ordered Tardencillas to cooperate with the US and Salvadoran authorities until he was brought before an international press conference. He was ordered to denounce the US and the Salvadoran governments at the press conference. For his efforts, Tardencillas returned to Nicaragua as a national hero and became a leader in the Sandinista Youth.^[52]

            The CIA also underestimated the quality of Soviet military equipment through disinformation planted by false defectors and by exporting inferior quality models of tanks and armored vehicles. This was revealed by GRU defector Viktor Suvorov, who stated that the Soviets exported simpler versions of its military equipment (known internally as “monkey models”) to its allies, while retaining more sophisticated versions for its own forces. “Monkey models,” according to Suvorov, were also intended to be produced en masse for wartime purposes. Suvorov personally observed “monkey models” for the T-62 tank and the BMP-1 armored fighting vehicle.[53] Hence, the West would get a less than accurate picture of advances in Soviet weaponry. Suvorov also recalled, “The Soviet Union has designed a large number of first-class weapons, among them the T-34 tank, the Kalashnikov automatic assault rifle and the IL-2 Shturmovik ground attack aircraft. Even today, in the early 1980s, no one has succeeded in improving on the performance of the Soviet 130mm gun, although it was developed as long ago as 1935. The Soviet Union was the first to use rockets fired from an aircraft-this was in August 1939 in Mongolia, in combat with Japanese aircraft. A Soviet motor torpedo boat (under Egyptian colours) was the first in history to use rockets to sink an enemy ship. The Soviet Union was the first to use the BM-13 salvo-firing rocket launcher. The Soviet Union was the first, many years ago, to realise the value of smoothbore guns, with their astonishingly high muzzle velocity, and it was the first to mass-produce automatic mortars and many other excellent types of weapon.” [54]

Soviet weapons programs were greatly aided by captured Western weapons, along with armaments and technologies stolen or purchased from Western governments and corporations. Since World War II, according to Suvorov, “the Soviet Union has succeeded in copying and in putting into mass production the American B-29 bomber, British Rolls-Royce aircraft engines, American lorries and German V-2 rockets. It has also completed the development of a number of German rocket designs which were still unfinished at the end of the war. It has stolen plans for the construction of French anti-tank rockets, American air-launched missiles, laser range-finders, stabilisers for tank guns, rocket fuel, special dye-stuffs and many, many other highly important products.”[55] Polish intelligence officer Marian Zacharski acquired plans for the Patriot missile, the Stealth aircraft, the Phoenix missile, and the submarine sonar system while serving under cover at the Polamco trade corporation’s offices in the US. As Polish Internal Affairs Minister Kiszczak admitted, “even our most outstanding scientists had no idea how to deal with the material supplied by Zacharski, not to mention how to put it to practical use.” [56] Polish intelligence prowess was confirmed by former KGB general Oleg Kalugin who wrote, “Our colleagues in Polish intelligence were a wild, carefree bunch. They had earned our respect by aggressively penetrating the large Polish émigré circles abroad and using those foreign agents to steal military, commercial, and technical secrets from the West…Though the Polish economy was in dire straits, their intelligence agencies seemed to have no shortage of hard currency.” [57]

In the mid-1950s the USSR Politburo commenced an ICBM program that would incorporate “high speed development of various types of rocket and nuclear weapons, electronics, automation…This made it possible in a relatively short period to supply the Soviet Armed Forces with the most modern combat equipment, including such formidable weapons as intercontinental ballistic rockets with powerful thermonuclear charges.” [58] However, Moscow did not want the US to know about their advances with its ICBM program. Under the leadership of KGB Chairman Aleksandr Shelepin, its 1959 conference formulated a ploy to convince the US into believing that they maintained an advantage in the development of nuclear missiles, while the USSR remained technologically backward. Soviet tests of nuclear devices revealed that they could explode warheads with the power of 30 million tons of TNT. Despite faulty US intelligence to the contrary, the SS-9 Scarp ICBM could deliver a 25 megaton warhead with a range of 8000 miles and an accuracy of ¼ of a mile.[59] William R. Harris, an international lawyer at RAND and a consultant to the Senate Intelligence Committee, observed that the US underestimated the Soviet Union’s capability for producing accurate ICBMs. Harris recalled that the CIA “made unwarranted assumptions about both the invulnerability of our missiles and Soviet weakness.” Harris pointed out that the Soviets deceived the United States about its SS-7 ICBMs, which were produced by the Yangel Design Bureau in 1958 and 1959. As Harris noted, “If U.S. intelligence had realized that the guidance systems on these missiles were good enough to pinpoint and destroy in a surprise attack all eighty command centers necessary to launch U.S. land-based missiles, the United States would have compensated for this by either placing their missile force on moving trains a plan then under consideration or further hardening the silos to make them less vulnerable. In either case, it would have defeated the peremptory threat of the Soviet SS-7. But by distorting the telemetry, and making the SS-7s appear to be inaccurate, the Soviets furthered their potential for winning a Pearl Harbor type preemptive war.” In 1968, the Soviets stunned the CIA by testing an ICBM which contained MIRV technology.[60] Even during the 1980s, the CIA apparently underestimated the strength of the Soviet nuclear arsenal. In 1993, the Russian Federation Minister of Atomic Energy Victor N. Mikhailov revealed that Russia possessed 45,000 strategic and tactical nuclear bombs and missiles in their arsenal. This figure was even higher (15,000 more) than previous American estimates during the 1980s. This figure exceeded even the highest U.S. figures of Soviet nuclear warheads by 15,000.^[61] Despite the poor standard of living for most Soviet citizens (shortages and lousy quality of most domestic consumer goods), Soviet technical advances should not be swept under the rug. Donald McAlvany (who was the editor of the anti-communist McAlvany Intelligence Advisor) noted “…We have been led to believe that the Soviets are technical/industrial/financial buffoons. But more than half of the engineers in the world live in the Soviet Union. The average Soviet university graduate is far better educated than the average US university graduate today, something most Americans would not like to admit. The Soviets produce 2-1/2 to 3 times more world patents per year than Americans. They already have a powerhouse based on ‘plasma’ (not blood)—a self-generating powerhouse like the sun. The Soviets built the first nuclear power plant. Chernobyl happened because it was much older than our nuclear power plants. The Soviets built the world’s first nuclear powered icebreaker in the 1950s. They are presently deploying a Star Wars-type space-based defense system that America has chosen not to build. They have an operational space station in outer space—for military purposes. America cannot afford to put one up. They have an operational rocket that lifts a 100-ton payload into outer space versus a 32-ton maximum rocket payload America can lift (a 3 to 1 edge in lifting capacity). They have built the largest military air transport in the world, far larger than America’s C5A Galaxy. They even developed America’s favorite video game—Nintendo. They build a nuclear submarine worth $3 billion a copy every six weeks that is as good as any America can turn out. Their weapons industry is 5-10 times the size of our own, turns out weapons that in many instances are as sophisticated as ours and in 5 to 6 times the quantity of our own. In areas where they are technologically behind America, they beg, borrow, steal or are given by the West what they need…”^[62]

            Several officers of the CIA spied on behalf of the USSR for money and/or ideology. In 1973, CIA officer Philip Agee initially approached the KGB and the Cubans, offering information to them. Service A (the disinformation department) of the KGB and the Cubans prepared Agee’s book, Inside the Company, which sought to embarrass the CIA.[63] KGB files smuggled by Mitrokhin revealed how Agee’s Covert Action Information Bulletin was launched by the KGB’s First Chief Directorate K (counterintelligence) and the Cubans at the Soviet front World Youth Festival of 1978.  Personnel from the KGB’s Service A and Directorate K ensured that Covert Action Information Bulletin was supplied with material intended to damage the CIA. Agee’s books, Dirty Work: The CIA in Western Europe and Dirty Work II. The CIA in Africa was published with materials provided by KGB’s Service A, Directorate K, and the Cuban DGI.[64] Agee’s living arrangements in the Netherlands were arranged by the East German Stasi.[65] In December 1978, Robert Moss reported that Agee reestablished contact with the Cuban DGI after his arrival in Hamburg West Germany. Agee had no fewer than 30 meetings with the DGI Station Chief in Britain. [66] Agee also performed other tasks for the international communist movement. Agee was charged with assisting the DGI in identifying liberal/left journalists to be utilized for propaganda and disinformation operations. Agee also trained Sandinista officials with the detection of CIA personnel. [67] In 1981, he also provided the Sandinistas with information on thirteen CIA officers employed at the US Embassy. This information was then leaked in the Sandinista newspaper El Nuevo Diario.[68] While in Nicaragua, Philip Agee urged the people to hijack the US Embassy or burn it to the ground.[69] He also trained Grenada Special Branch officers when the New Jewel Movement (NJM) was in power.[70] As a result of Cuban intervention, the NJM issued a Grenada passport to Agee.[71] Agee was involved in a failed effort by Cuban intelligence to recruit the Deputy Station Chief of the CIA in Mexico City.[72] The Iranians also requested Agee’s assistance in sifting through “much interesting documentation” from captured American Embassy files in order to uncover CIA employees. [73] He was also invited to participate in the 1980 international conference on the crimes of America held in Tehran.[74] Agee even opposed the American intervention in Panama (December 1989) which deposed Panamanian strongman General Manuel Noriega. According to Stevenson, “(General Manuel) Noriega was an awkward case for Agee: while Agee abhorred US and CIA support for precisely that kind of brutal right-wing dictator, he also opposed US military intervention aimed at controlling the internal politics of Latin American countries. Agee ended up characterizing the American invasion in harsh geopolitical terms, as an attempt to ‘smash Panamanian nationalism for the foreseeable future.’”[75] Agee continued his trouble after the supposed end of the Cold War and dissolution of the Soviet Union. After Hugo Chavez became the dictator of Venezuela in 1998, Agee traveled to that country and was working on a book exposing CIA activities there. The Cuban and Venezuelan governments facilitated Agee’s trips on a high level.[76]

According to the available evidence, Agee was an ideological defector who had a penchant for greed and corruption. He noted in an interview for the Swiss newspaper Tages Anzeiger “The CIA is plainly on the wrong side, the capitalistic side. I approve of KGB activities, communist activities in general, when they are to the advantage of the oppressed. In fact the KGB is not doing enough in this regard…” [77] According to former Cuban DGI defector Major Florentino Aspillaga, Agee was given (through the KGB) “$20,000 or $30,000 at a clip, because he only likes green.”[78] Defecting Romanian intelligence (DIE) head General Ion Pacepa revealed how Agee “was a venal womanizer who had been recruited in Mexico City by the Cuban espionage service, the DGI (Direccion General de Inteligencia), with the help of a Cuban lover.”[79] Well after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Agee was allowed by Castro to establish a travel company called Cubalinda.com Inter-Active Travel. This company was a subsidiary of another Agee-owned firm, Beverage Consultants Ltd., an offshore company registered in the Bahamas. Agee refused to name his investors, suspiciously claiming that they “are not particularly anxious to be known as the financiers of this project.” This could potentially point to funding from anti-US sources, such as the Cuban government.[80]

Other CIA officers (including higher level officials) collaborated with enemy interests. Some did it for money while others seemed to be motivated by ideology. John Stockwell was a strong critic of the CIA who visited Cuba and Grenada from 1979 to 1981. Stockwell even petitioned Grenada’s New Jewel Movement (NJM) Political Bureau to reside in that country for six months. [81] The NJM Politburo document, captured by the Americans, noted “It was brought to the attention of PB by a written letter from Comrade Stockwell to reside in Grenada. The matter was taken up and it was decided for the Comrade to come for at least 6 months with his family. Comrade Maurice said that Sister Dessima will handle the tickets up in Washington. It was stated that a detailed Code should be sent to NY and then NY send it to Sister Dessima for preparing the necessary documents.”[82] (Since Stockwell was addressed as “Comrade,” it is safe to assume that he was an ideological sympathizer with communism and most probably a traitor to the US and the cause of freedom). Pedro Riera Escalante, who served as the Cuban Intelligence Service’s Section Q-1 (launched against the CIA) from 1986 to 1991, claimed that “There were also other former officers, like John Stockwell, the ex-chief of station of the CIA in Angola during the war; (and) Phil Roettinger, a CIA officer who played an important role in Guatemala in 1954, who died in 2002. Following instructions from Cuba’s leadership, I contacted Phil Roettinger during my time in Mexico approximately between the years 1988-1990, and traveled to the city of San Miguel de Allende and visited him at home in order to coordinate his activities and a trip to Cuba with a group of senior officials of the CIA and the armed forces, supporters of improving relations with Cuba.”[83] Former CIA official Herbert Scoville participated in the January 1978 World Peace Council Bureau meeting in Washington DC. [84] Former CIA agent David MacMichael maintained contact with Nicaraguan embassy employees.[85] Former CIA agent Frank Terpil reportedly worked for the Cubans and Czechoslovaks, assisting them in recruiting Americans and performing counterintelligence duties. [86] Ralph W. McGehee, a retired CIA agent, admitted that he was sympathetic to the Italian Communists.[87] By 1989, Victor Marchetti, a former executive assistant to the deputy director of the CIA, was closely aligned with the LaRouchians and the Liberty Lobby.[88] Another CIA employee Edward Lee Howard spied on behalf of the Soviet Union. Thanks to Howard’s efforts, the CIA’s Moscow network was wiped out. He later resided in a KGB apartment complex.[89] Aldrich Ames, the chief of counterintelligence for the Soviet Bloc Division, worked for the KGB, which led to the exposure or killing of at least ten CIA and FBI agents.[90] By 1990, suspicions about Ames raised by the CIA’s Counterintelligence Center were ignored by the Office of Security.[91] In the 1970s, CIA officer William P. Kampiles gave the Soviets an extremely sensitive spy satellite manual.[92]

             Employees of the National Security Agency (NSA) also served Soviet (and later Russian) interests. Two NSA code clerks Bernon F. Mitchell and William H. Martin defected to the USSR via Cuba in September 1960.[93] Ronald Pelton, a NSA communications specialist, passed information on classified US intelligence collection programs to the KGB in exchange for $35,000.[94] Edward Snowden, an NSA contract employee, defected to the Russians and denounced American surveillance programs. Our enemies were gleeful about the consequences of Snowden’s revelations. Zhang Zhaozhong, professor at the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) National Defense University, was quoted in the Global Times as stating, “The damage to the U.S. of Edward Snowden’s flight equals the loss of 10 heavy armored divisions.”[95] Snowden reportedly had ties to the Chinese Ministry of State Security in Hong Kong. The Chinese provided Snowden with information regarding NSA investigators who attempted to catch him. Beijing also assisted Snowden’s exit from Hong Kong to Russia.[96] In an interview with Glenn Greenwald, Snowden denied that Red China was an enemy, noting that “We trade with each other freely, we’re not at war, we’re not in armed conflict, and we’re not trying to be. We’re the largest trading partners out there for each other.”[97] The SVR coordinated a campaign to exploit Snowden’s revelations in an effort to stoke anti-US feelings in Russia via state media.[98] According to KGB defector Boris Karpichkov, Snowden “lives in a block of flats in Moscow’s suburbs controlled by the FSB. His flat is heavily alarmed to stop anything happening to him. He meets the FSB twice a week over plenty of food and drink.”[99]

            Some military officers also worked with American adversaries and Soviet aligned groups seeking to weaken our defense posture. American military officers such as Admirals Eugene LaRocque and Eugene Carroll formed the Center for Defense Information (CDI). The CDI collaborated with Soviet Generals to weaken our defense capabilities. According to an FBI report, the Soviets quoted the statements of CDI officials in order to provide legitimacy for their active measures campaigns.[100] Former US Air Force Commander General John Kidd praised Soviet peace initiatives and worked with the East German Peace Council.[101] John Buchanan, a former US Marine Lieutenant Colonel, visited Nicaragua in 1981. After spending a week inspecting Sandinista military installations, Buchanan denied that Nicaragua posed a threat.[102]

            There was also evidence which pointed to communist infiltration of the US Armed Services. Former CPUSA National Committeewoman Bella Dodd revealed that Communist teachers infiltrated the educational division of the US Army in order to indoctrinate World War II era GIs with pro-Soviet ideology.[103] The Maoist Progressive Labor Party (PLP) ordered its high school graduates to enlist in the Army and Navy in order to spread the spirit of revolution. In the Summer/Fall edition of PL, an article titled “Soldiers and Sailors? A Key Force for Revolution,” discussed how “During the Vietnam era, our party led more than one GI rebellion. Challenge our party’s newspaper, was read by thousands…” The article also stated, “Our class must turn the imperialist war into a socialist civil war…At the front, we should fraternize with the troops of ‘enemy’ armies.”[104] Even in the supposedly post-Cold War era, at least some of our soldiers and officers adhered openly to communism. One well known case involved Second Lt. Spenser Rapone, who had scrawled on his officers’ cap, “Communism will win.” He also opened his military tunic and revealed a Che Guevara t-shirt.[105]

            Lastly, there was evidence that some captured American POWs collaborated with the North Koreans, North Vietnamese, Laotians, Chinese, and the Soviets. They were motivated by:

1)    Brainwashing by their captors into the Marxist ideology.

2)    The will to survive as opposed to being sent to certain death or continued, brutal imprisonment.

During the Korean War, American POWs served both Soviet and Chinese interests through a variety of means and circumstances. Lt.-Colonel Philip Corso expressed concern that American POWs were recruited and trained for espionage missions. In June 1954, the US Army uncovered evidence that American POWs who were repatriated during Big and Little Switch were assigned espionage and sabotage missions. The US Army noted that “Army intelligence could not rule out the possibility that POWs had accepted ‘sleeper’ missions.”[106] In February 1953, South Korean Foreign Ministry and Chinese Embassy (Nationalist) reports indicated that the Chinese transferred American POWs to the USSR, where they receiving training by the Higher Informant Training Team in Siberia and Moscow.[107] In 1954, former Soviet Foreign Ministry official and MVD officer Yuri Rastvorov reported that American POWs captured during the Korean War were “trained by the Soviets to be illegal agents operating in the US and other countries, acting as Americans. The identities of dead POWs were used by Soviet agents while other POWs were used for propaganda purposes.”[108] Others deemed “progressive POWs” were apparently transferred to the US to help spark a revolution. According to Corporal Dickenson, “After the revolution, they all would hold important positions in the Federal government.” [109] At least 20% of the returning “progressive” POWs held captive in North Korea “remained active in the movement for which they have studied for three long, hard years…By October 1953 hundreds of soldiers and former soldiers were back in the United States with missions inspired and controlled by the Peking government.” [110] Other American POWs remained in North Korea under the auspices of the Reconnaissance Bureau. These POWs conducted lectures in Pyongyang on American “armed power” and taught “Western customs, Western lifestyle and English” at a Korean Workers’ Party school. [111]

            Some American POWs captured in Vietnam were allegedly brainwashed by the VC and North Vietnamese into turning against their country. In one South Vietnamese VC camp, the Defense Department reported that eighteen foreign POWs (Americans, South Koreans, and Filipinos) were brainwashed with Marxist ideology. The report noted “After peace comes to Vietnam and the nation is unified the POWs will be allowed to return to their homes where they will become active in the communist party.”^[112]  According to the Vietnamese intelligence officer Le Dinh, at least thirty three American POWs were indoctrinated as “progressives” and trained to be sent back to the United States to work with the Communist Party USA. [113] According to Le Dinh, some of these POWs were trained to operate in the United States as double agents. Six actually undertook such missions. [114] Four captured US Air Force officers taught East German, Cuban, Bulgarian, Romanian, and Albanian spies on how to pose as Americans.[115] The KGB aided the Japanese leftist pacifist group Beikheiren (Peace to Vietnam) with funneling American military deserters to the USSR.[116] It is possible that at least some of these deserters may have stayed in the USSR and served their interests.

Even during the post-Cold War years, the Russian Federation and its allies continued to exploit former CIA officers in its effort to undermine the United States. Although Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) leaders claimed during the 1990s that they abandoned active measures, it was reliably reported that Russian foreign intelligence absorbed the active measures machinery of the CPSU International Department.^[117] It was possible that they had a role to play in the 1993 conference of the anti-US and anti-CIA United States Association of National Security Alumni (ANSECA) and the Russian Association of Retired Intelligence Officers. They unsurprisingly called for drastic cutbacks to US intelligence. Many US participants were leftists and outright turncoats such as Philip Agee and Louis Wolf. The “retired” KGB officers were staunchly pro-Soviet and unapologetic about their “former” roles. Both sides claimed that the Cold War was over and that America could abolish the CIA as a result.^[118] The “end” of the Cold War would only serve to enhance the legitimacy of the arguments made by these “ex-Soviet” KGB officers and anti-US CIA turncoats.

In order to reverse the failures within our intelligence community and build upon its strengths, Radical Civic Nationalists recommend the following:

1)    All CIA, NSA, DIA, and FBI officers and analysts will be required to read books such as New Lies for Old (Anatoly Golitsyn), The Perestroika Deception (Anatoly Golitsyn), We Will Bury You (Jan Sejna), and The Art of War (Sun Tzu). All officers in the US Armed Services will be required to read the abovementioned materials. As Congressman Walter Judd recommended, Americans (including politicians, academics, and intelligence officials) should spend “a few days” in a “good library studying Communist writings and teachings.” According to Congressman Judd, such efforts “will give more reliable insights into Communist goals and tactics...”

2)    Rebuild the counter-intelligence units of the FBI, NSA, and CIA as front-line defense forces able to detect strategic deception campaigns undertaken by the Russians and Chinese.

3)    Admit that the CIA was the victim of deception operations and reorganize and reorient counterintelligence into taking HUMINT more seriously.

4)    Conduct a very quiet hunt for moles within the CIA, FBI, DIA, and NSA.

5)    Discontinue any cooperation between our intelligence services and their Chinese, Russian, Vietnamese, and the Cuban counterparts.

6)    Reduce covert actions in other countries, unless our direct national interests are threatened.

---

[1] “Japan says CIA has foiled Pyongyang bid for Japanese computers” BBC Summary of World Broadcasts April 29, 1988

[2] James Sherr Soviet Power: The Continuing Challenge (Springer, 1987) page 162.

[3] Tom Mangold Cold Warrior: James Jesus Angleton : the CIA’s master spy hunter (Simon & Schuster, 1991)

[4] Peter Arnett “Have You Wondered How N. Viet Can Continue to Fight?” The Kokomo Tribune October 2, 1972 Accessed From: https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/45680430/

[5] Palm Beach Post March 6, 1975 Accessed From: https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/133739373/

[6] Rothrock, James. Divided We Fall: How Disunity Leads to Defeat (Authorhouse 2006) page 94.

[7]Rafalko, Frank J. MH/CHAOS (Naval Institute Press, 2011) pages 151-153.                                                                                                                

^[8] Lipscomb, Thomas. “Hanoi Approved Of Role Played By Anti-War Vets” The New York Sun October 26, 2004 page 1.

^[9] Holzer, Henry Mark and Holzer, Erika. Aid and Comfort: Jane Fonda in North Vietnam (McFarland & Co., 2002) page 80.

^[10] Anderson, Paul. “Vietnamese Leader Credits Americans in Fall of Saigon” United Press International April 28, 1985

[11] “Address by Mr. Ieng Sary” September 6, 1975 on Indochina Resource Center Letter Head Accessed From: http://www.virtual.vietnam.ttu.edu/cgi-bin/starfetch.exe?eKnmuFLMs0BEHzdQSHSWJL9TFpaRTIjB04Ae.apzZ@yApeOvZ1QJRKKeitDCRTg5ObPAOf4IYbmFJBdPDGKsWpY9UQjFtbJ6it706BGseps/2430803022.pdf

^[12] Methvin, Eugene. Riot Makers (Arlington House, 1970) pages 179-180.

[13] Mauro, Ryan. “Liberating Cuba From Communism” Accessed From: http://www.hspig.org/phpbb/viewtopic.php?f=10&t=11127&view=previous&sid=3d5b3580e55f24a8b5601aba6a997429

[14] Rafalko, Frank J. MH/CHAOS (Naval Institute Press, 2011) page 136.

[15]Rafalko, Frank J. MH/CHAOS (Naval Institute Press, 2011) pages 151-153.

[16] “SDS Infiltrator Talks” The Valley Times February 25, 1971 quoted in Cuddy, Dennis L. “Foundations and a Close Look at Ford” News With Views May 5, 2008 Accessed From: http://www.newswithviews.com/Cuddy/dennis128.htm

^[17] Breuer, William B. Vendetta (John Wiley, 1997) page 245.

^[18] Eftimiades, Nicholas. Chinese Intelligence Operations (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1994)

[19] Herbert Romerstein, Stan Levchenko The KGB against the “main enemy”: how the Soviet Intelligence Service operates against the United States (Lexington Books, 1989) page 301.

[20] Lunev, Stanislav and Winkler, Ira. Through the Eyes of the Enemy (Regnery Publishers 1998) pages 72-79.

[21]Lunev, Stanislav and Winkler, Ira. Through the Eyes of the Enemy (Regnery Publishers 1998) pages 72-79.

^[22] Warner, Denis Ashton. Certain Victory (Sheed Andrews and McMeel 1978) page 295.

[23] Pribbenow, Merle L. “Jane Fonda and Her Friendly North Vietnamese Intelligence Officer” August 10, 2011 Accessed From: http://www.washingtondecoded.com/site/2011/08/fonda.html

[24] Rafalko, Frank J. MH/CHAOS (Naval Institute Press, 2011) page 154.

[25] Humberto Fontova “Fidel Castro: The Teflon Tyrant Resigns” Frontpagemag February 20, 2008 Accessed From: http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=29961

[26] Frederick Kempe Divorcing the Dictator: America’s Bungled Affair with Noriega (I.B.Tauris, 1990) page 96.

[27] “Crossfire: Discussion of CIA Funding”  Accessed From: https://www.scribd.com/doc/113610906/CNN-Crossfire-Discussionof-CIA-funding-Tom-Braden-Pat-Buchanan-John-Birch-Society-s-Scott-Stanley

[28] Richard Smith OSS: The Secret History of America’s First Central Intelligence Agency (Rowman & Littlefield, 2005) page 9.

[29] Richard Smith OSS: The Secret History of America’s First Central Intelligence Agency (Rowman & Littlefield, 2005) page 9.

[30] Tennent Bagley, Spy Wars (Yale University Press, 2007) page 134.

[31] Burnham, James The Web of Subversion (Western Islands, Belmont, MA, 1965)

[32] Cohn, Roy M., McCarthy: The Answer to “Tail Gunner Joe” (Manor Books, New York, 1977)

[33] Epstein, Edward J.  Deception (Simon & Schuster, New York, 1989)

[34] Epstein, Edward J.  Deception (Simon & Schuster, New York, 1989) AND Epstein, Edward J. Legend: The Secret Life of Lee Harvey Oswald (Reader’s Digest Press, 1978)

[35] Epstein, Edward J.  Deception (Simon & Schuster, New York, 1989) AND Epstein, Edward J. Legend: The Secret Life of Lee Harvey Oswald (Reader’s Digest Press, 1978)

[36]  Peter Brookes “CIA Clash: The Left Assaults Langley Again” Heritage Foundation November 4, 2009 Accessed From: http://www.heritage.org/homeland-security/commentary/cia-clash-the-left-assaults-langley-again

[37] Natalie Johnson “CIA Director Once Voted for Communist Presidential Candidate” Washington Free Beacon September 21, 2016 Accessed From: http://freebeacon.com/politics/cia-director-once-voted-for-communist-presidential-candidate/

[38] Epstein, Edward J.  Deception (Simon & Schuster, New York, 1989)

[39] “Diary Entry Scoty Miler-The Mole Chaser” Edward J. Epstein March 11, 1976 Accessed From: http://www.edwardjayepstein.com/diary/miler.htm

[40] Tennent Bagley, Spy Wars (Yale University Press, 2007) page 248.

[41] Pincher, Chapman. The Secret Offensive (Sidgwick & Jackson 1986)

[42] Tennent Bagley, Spy Wars (Yale University Press, 2007) page 263.

[43] Epstein, Edward J.  Deception (Simon & Schuster, New York, 1989)

[44] Tennent Bagley, Spy Wars (Yale University Press, 2007) page 263.

[45] Epstein, Edward J.  Deception (Simon & Schuster, New York, 1989)

[46] Joseph. D. Douglass, Jr. Red Cocaine Douglass, Joseph D. Red Cocaine (Edward Harle, Limited, 1999) Accessed From: http://www.usa-anti-communist.net/Perestroika-4books/Douglass_Joseph_Red_Cocaine.pdf

[47] Jeff Stein “New Vietnam Spy Tale Sheds Light on how the US Lost the War” Newsweek April 30, 2015 Accessed From: http://www.newsweek.com/2015/05/15/vietnam-cia-40th-anniversary-327033.html

[48] Bill Gertz “CIA Fooled by Massive Cold War Double-Agent Failure” Washington Free Beacon December 28, 2015 Accessed From: http://freebeacon.com/national-security/cia-fooled-by-massive-cold-war-double-agent-failure/

[49] Benjamin B. Fischer, Bruderorgane: The Soviet Origins of East German Intelligence Accessed From: http://www.ghi-dc.org/fileadmin/user_upload/GHI_Washington/Publications/Supplements/Supplement_9/bu-supp9_151.pdf

[50] Oleg Kalugin Spymaster: My Thirty Two Years in Intelligence and Espionage Against the West Accessed From: https://archive.org/stream/Spymaster-MyThirty-twoYearsInIntelligenceAndEspionageAgainstTheWest/Spymaster%20-%20My%20Thirty-two%20Years%20in%20Intelligence%20and%20Espionage%20Against%20the%20West_djvu.txt

^[51] Brownfeld, Allen. Revolution Lobby (Council for Inter-American Security, 1985) page 148.

^[52] Omang, Joanne and Oberdorfer, Don. “Nicaraguan Bares Plan to Discredit Foes” Washington Post June 19, 1983 page A1.

[53] Viktor Suvorov, Inside the Soviet Army Accessed From:  http://militera.lib.ru/research/suvorov12/index.html

[54] Viktor Suvorov, Inside the Soviet Army Accessed From:  http://militera.lib.ru/research/suvorov12/index.html

[55] Viktor Suvorov, Inside the Soviet Army Accessed From:  http://militera.lib.ru/research/suvorov12/index.html

[56] Andrzej Paczkowski “Civilian Intelligence in Communist Poland, 1945-1989 An Attempt at a General Outline” Institute of Political Studies and Collegium Civitas, Warsaw Accessed From: http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ece/research/intermarium/vol10no1/Civilian%20Intelligence%20in%20Communist%20Poland,%201945-1989.pdf

[57] Oleg Kalugin Spymaster: My Thirty Two Years in Intelligence and Espionage Against the West Accessed From: https://archive.org/stream/Spymaster-MyThirty-twoYearsInIntelligenceAndEspionageAgainstTheWest/Spymaster%20-%20My%20Thirty-two%20Years%20in%20Intelligence%20and%20Espionage%20Against%20the%20West_djvu.txt

[58] Soviet Marshal Malinovsky “Historical Exploits of the Soviet People and Their Armed Forces” Voyennaya Mysl Number 5 1965 quoted in Pincher, Chapman. The Secret Offensive (Sidgwick & Jackson 1986)

[59] Pincher, Chapman. The Secret Offensive (Sidgwick & Jackson 1986)

[60] Epstein, Edward J.  Deception (Simon & Schuster, New York, 1989)

[61] Gertz, Bill “Russia’s Nuclear Admission Confirms Hawks’ Fears” Washington Times October 7, 1993

[62] McAlvany, Donald. “The Rebirth of an Empire: What is Really Happening in the Soviet Union” McAlvany Intelligence Advisor Sept./Oct. 1991

[63] Christopher Andrew, Vasili Mitrokhin The Sword and the Shield (Basic Books 2000) Accessed From: https://archive.org/stream/theswordandtheshield2/The%20Sword%20and%20the%20Shield%20-%20The%20Mitrokhin%20Archive%20and%20the%20Secret%20History%20of%20the%20KGB_djvu.txt

[64] Christopher Andrew, Vasili Mitrokhin The Sword and the Shield (Basic Books 2000) Accessed From: https://archive.org/stream/theswordandtheshield2/The%20Sword%20and%20the%20Shield%20-%20The%20Mitrokhin%20Archive%20and%20the%20Secret%20History%20of%20the%20KGB_djvu.txt

[65] World Association of International Studies Accessed From: http://cgi.stanford.edu/group/wais/cgi-bin/?p=8589

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